The Israel-based B'Tselem group said their research showed 1,387 Palestinians had died, with over half of them civilians, when the Jewish nation launched an offensive into the Gaza strip in retaliation to rocket attacks from the militant group Hamas.
The Israeli military had claimed less than 300 civilians had died in the fighting between December 27th and January 18th.
While the new figures contradict that statement, B'Tselem said they do not prove Israel violated international laws of war.
International human rights groups have accused the Israeli military of committing war crimes, with Amnesty International earlier suggesting civilians were put at unnecessary risk.
B'Tselem said its research meant the Israeli government should launch an independent inquiry into the casualties sustained in the conflict.
The three-week long offensive was launched in response to continuing rocket fire over the border into Israeli towns by Hamas.
Both sides have since accused the other of committing war crimes, while US president Barack Obama has made securing a fresh peace deal one of his main foreign policy targets.
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